典籍记载

Classical Record

"隆、赤巴、培根三者失衡，乃百病之源。"

"Imbalance among the three humors — lung, tripa, and beken — is the root of all disease."

藏医药理论体系的核心，是"隆"（气，主运动与神经功能）、"赤巴"（火，主代谢与体温）、"培根"（水土，主结构与津液）三大要素的动态平衡。这一学说在八世纪由著名藏医学家宇妥·宁玛云丹贡布集大成，写入《四部医典》，成为此后一千余年藏医诊疗的理论基石。

The core of Tibetan medical theory is the dynamic balance among three elements: lung (air, governing movement and nervous function), tripa (fire, governing metabolism and body heat), and beken (water and earth, governing structure and bodily fluids). This theory was synthesized in the 8th century by the physician Yuthok Yontan Gonpo and recorded in The Four Medical Tantras, becoming the theoretical foundation of Tibetan medicine for over a millennium.

典籍记载

Classical Record

"泷沐者，以五源生命观及三因健康观为指导，沐浴天然温泉或药物煮熬之水汁、蒸汽，以调身心之平衡。"

"Lum bathing, guided by the five-elements cosmology and the three-humor health theory, uses natural hot springs or herbal decoctions and steam to balance body and mind."

藏医外治传统上分为性质温和的"缓治三法"与作用强烈的"猛治三法"，藏医药浴法（藏语称"泷沐"）属缓治三法之一，多用于慢性病的日常调理，是藏医外治体系中最广为人知的技艺之一。

Tibetan external therapy traditionally divides into gentle methods and forceful methods. Lum medicinal bathing belongs to the gentle methods, generally used for the ongoing management of chronic conditions, and is among the best known techniques in the Tibetan external therapy system.

典籍记载

Classical Record

"蒙医以五元（土、水、火、气、空）立论，察寒热之偏盛，以调阴阳之平衡。"

"Mongolian medicine is founded on the five elements — earth, water, fire, air, and space — observing imbalances of cold and heat to restore harmony."

蒙医药理论体系与藏医药有密切的历史渊源，同样以五元学说为基础，但在实际诊疗中更强调"寒热"这一对立范畴的辨识。历史上，蒙医的早期形态与草原游牧民族的萨满医疗传统关系紧密，本图记录的正是这一历史文化背景下的医疗场景。

Mongolian medical theory shares close historical ties with Tibetan medicine and is likewise founded on the five elements, though clinical practice places greater emphasis on distinguishing cold and heat. Historically, early forms of Mongolian medicine were closely tied to the shamanic healing traditions of steppe nomadic peoples, and this image records a medical scene from that historical and cultural context.

典籍记载

Classical Record

"蒙医正骨，以手法复位为主，辅以传统药物外敷，历经数百年传承而不衰。"

"Mongolian bone-setting relies primarily on manual reduction techniques, supplemented by traditional herbal application, and has been passed down for centuries."

蒙古族历史上长期以游牧、骑射为生活方式，跌打损伤较为常见，这也促使蒙医在骨伤诊疗方面积累了丰富的实践经验，形成了一套不依赖切开手术、以手法复位为核心的正骨技艺体系。

The Mongolian people's historically nomadic and equestrian lifestyle made bone injuries relatively common, prompting the accumulation of extensive practical experience in orthopedic treatment — forming a system of bone-setting centered on manual reduction, without reliance on surgical incision.

典籍记载

Classical Record

"维医以血液质、黏液质、胆液质、黑胆质四种气质为纲，辨体质之偏盛，以立治法。"

"Uyghur medicine classifies the body into four humoral temperaments — sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic — and bases treatment on their relative balance."

维医药理论体系历史上受到古希腊医学（以希波克拉底、盖伦四体液学说为代表）与阿拉伯-伊斯兰医学的深远影响，并在长期的丝路文化交流与本地医疗实践中逐渐本土化。图中所示为维医常用药材实物，是这一理论体系在日常诊疗中的具体呈现。

Uyghur medical theory was historically influenced by ancient Greek medicine (represented by the four-humor theory of Hippocrates and Galen) and Arab-Islamic medicine, gradually localizing through centuries of Silk Road cultural exchange and local medical practice. The herbs shown here are commonly used in Uyghur medicine, representing this theoretical system in daily clinical practice.

典籍记载

Classical Record

"药物熏蒸、灌肠疗法，皆维医外治之特色，配合内服调理，以复气质之平衡。"

"Herbal fumigation and enema therapy are distinctive external treatments in Uyghur medicine, used alongside internal remedies to restore humoral balance."

维医在外治方法上发展出了药物熏蒸、灌肠疗法、药浴等一系列特色技艺，这些疗法多围绕"祛除体内偏盛之气质、恢复四体液平衡"的核心理论展开，与内服药物相辅相成。

Uyghur medicine developed a range of distinctive external treatments — including herbal fumigation, enema therapy, and medicinal baths — centered on the core theory of expelling excess humors and restoring balance among the four humors, complementing internal remedies.

典籍记载

Classical Record

"四塔（风、火、水、土）构成人身，五蕴（色、识、受、想、行）主司神志，二者失和，百病乃生。"

"The four elements — wind, fire, water, and earth — form the body; the five aggregates — form, consciousness, sensation, perception, and mental formation — govern the mind. Disharmony between them gives rise to disease."

傣医药理论体系深受南传佛教文化影响，"四塔五蕴"这一核心概念直接借用了佛教哲学中对身心构成的经典表述，并在此基础上发展出一套完整的病因、诊断与治疗理论。

Dai medical theory is deeply influenced by Theravada Buddhist culture. Its core concept of "four elements and five aggregates" directly draws on classical Buddhist philosophical descriptions of body and mind, forming the basis for a complete theory of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

典籍记载

Classical Record

"天气、地气、人气三气同步、协调平衡，是壮医对人体健康状态的根本理解。"

"The synchronization and balance of heavenly qi, earthly qi, and human qi form the foundation of the Zhuang understanding of bodily health."

壮医药以"阴阳为本、三气同步"为核心理论框架，在长期的岭南地区医疗实践中，发展出药线点灸、经筋疗法、薰蒸疗法等十余种特色诊疗技法，形成了涵盖诊法、技法、方药的完整体系。

Zhuang medicine is founded on the core framework of "yin-yang as the basis, three qi in synchrony." Through long-term medical practice in the Lingnan region, it developed over a dozen distinctive techniques — including medicated-thread moxibustion, meridian-sinew therapy, and herbal fumigation — forming a complete system spanning diagnosis, technique, and formulation.

理论要点

Core Theory

苗医药以"生成学说"阐释人体与疾病的生成机理，将疾病分为"两纲"（冷病、热病），再细分为"五经"（冷经、热经、半边经、快经、慢经），并归纳出三十六症、七十二疾，合称"一百单八证"，诊断以望诊、脉诊为主。

Miao medicine explains the formation of the body and disease through the "Theory of Origination." Illness is first divided into two categories — cold and heat — then into five "channels" (cold, heat, half-sided, fast, and slow), and further classified into thirty-six symptoms and seventy-two diseases, together termed the "108 patterns." Diagnosis relies chiefly on visual observation and pulse-taking.

用药与技法

Materia Medica and Techniques

苗医用药讲求"生药"原则，鲜药多不经复杂炮制、以手抓估量投用；外治手法包括放血、刮治、爆灯火、气角疗法等，部分疗法蕴含"以毒攻毒"的思路。代表药物石菖蒲，味辛苦、性温，功在化湿开胃、开窍豁痰，是苗医常用配伍药材之一。

Miao medical practice emphasizes the principle of using "raw herbs" — fresh materials with minimal processing, measured by hand rather than precise weighing. External techniques include bloodletting, scraping therapy, moxa-flame therapy, and cupping, with some approaches following the logic of "using poison to counter poison." A representative herb, Acorus calamus (shí chāng pú), is pungent, bitter, and warming in nature, used to resolve dampness, stimulate appetite, and clear phlegm from the senses — a common ingredient in Miao herbal formulas.